Antibacterial substances from marine algae isolated from Jeddah coast of Red sea, Saudi Arabia (2024)

Abstract

Marine algae are known to produce a wide variety of bioactive secondary metabolites and several compounds have been derived from them for prospective development of novel drugs by the pharmaceutical industries. However algae of the Red sea have not been adequately explored for their potential as a source of bioactive substances. In this context Ulva reticulata, Caulerpa occidentalis, Cladophora socialis, Dictyota ciliolata, and Gracilaria dendroides isolated from Red sea coastal waters of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, were evaluated for their potential for bioactivity. Extracts of the algae selected for the study were prepared using ethanol, chloroform, petroleum ether and water, and assayed for antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 25322, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Stapylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212. It was found that chloroform was most effective followed by ethanol, petroleum ether and water for the preparation of algal extract with significant antibacterial activities, respectively. Results also indicated that the extracts of red alga G. dendroides were more efficient against the tested bacterial strains followed by green alga U. reticulata, and brown algae D. ciliolata. Chemical analyses showed that G. dendroides recorded the highest percentages of the total fats and total proteins, followed by U. reticulata, and D. ciliolate. Among the bioflavonoids determined Rutin, Quercetin and Kaempherol were present in high percentages in G. dendroides, U. reticulata, and D. ciliolate. Estimation of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids revealed that palmitic acid was present in highest percentage in all the algal species analyzed. Amino acid analyses indicated the presence of free amino acids in moderate contents in all the species of algae. The results indicated scope for utilizing these algae as a source of antibacterial substances.

Keywords: Marine algae, Red sea, Antibacterial activity, Human pathogens, Phyto-chemical analyses

1. Introduction

Marine organisms are potential sources of bioactive secondary metabolites with potential for use in the development of new pharmaceutical agents (Abedin and Taha, 2008; EL-Gamal, 2010) and many of these substances have been demonstrated to possess interesting biological activities (Faulkner, 2002; Abdel-Raouf et al., 2008). Marine algae were reported to produce a wide variety of bioactive secondary metabolites as antimicrobial, antifeedant, antihelmintic and cytotoxic agents and the bioactive substances included alkaloids, polyketides, cyclic peptide, polysaccharide, phlorotannins, diterpenoids, sterols, quinones, lipids and glycerols (Cabrita et al., 2010) and marine macro-algae are considered as the actual producers of some bioactive compounds with high activity (Shimizu, 1996). Hence they have drawn great attention recently (Abdel-Raouf et al., 2008; Ibraheem et al., 2008; Al-Haj et al., 2009; Bazes et al., 2009; Vallinayagam et al., 2009; Cabrita et al., 2010).

Bromophenol compounds have been frequently encountered in various marine algae including red and brown algae. Especially, the red algae of family Rhodomaceae are known as a rich source of bromophenols (Oh et al., 2008). Some of these compounds previously isolated from the family exhibited a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities such as enzyme inhibition, cytotoxic, antioxidant, feeding deterrent, antiflammatory and antimicrobial activities (Tapiero et al., 2002; Matanjun et al., 2008; Jaganathan and Mandal, 2009; Williamson and Carughi, 2010).

The green algae Ulva lactuca commonly known as sea lettuce has long been used as food and as a traditional medical agent to treat helminthic infections, fever, urinary diseases and dropsy (Kim et al., 2007). The antimicrobial activity of Ulva lactuca was reported to be caused by the acrylic acid commonly found in the algae (El-Yamany, 2008). Extract of green algae Caulepra prolifera was reported to exhibit significant activity against strains of marine bacteria (Rajasulochana et al., 2009). Adiphenyl ether isolated from the extract of the green algae Cladophora fascicularis was found to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus (Kuniyoshi et al., 1985). Diterpene isolated from unidentified species of Dictyota exhibited significant cyotoxicity (Awad, 2004). Extracts from algae from Indian waters Dictyota dichotoma, and Padina gymnosora were reported to be effective against Bacillus megatherium and S. aureus (Rao et al., 1977). Ethanolic extracts of Zandariania prototypus, Cystoseria sricata and Cymbula compressa were reported to inhibit the growth of different bacteria and fungi (Pesando and Caram, 1984). Extracts of Egyptian marine algae Dictyota dichotoma, Dilophus fasciola and Cystoseria barbata were found to show antibacterial activities (El-Naggar, 1987). Antibacterial effects of hexane and methanol extracts of the macro-algae Mastocarpus stellatus, Laminaria digitata and Ceramium rubrum on 12 marine and 7 prominent fish pathogenic bacteria were also reported (Dubber and Harder, 2007). Methanolic extracts from 32 macro-algae from the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts of Morocco were evaluated for the production of antibacterial compounds against E. coli, S. aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and Klebsiella pneumonia (Ibtissam et al., 2009). The antibacterial activities of four important seaweeds namely Ulva lactuca, Padina gymnospora, Sargassum wightii and Gracilaria edulis were screened against human bacterial pathogen (Vallinayagam et al., 2009).

In fact the potential biological resources of marine environments of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia represented by the Red sea and the Arabian Gulf have not been adequately explored and harnessed for biotechnological applications and deriving biopharmaceuticals. In this context a study was undertaken to isolate and evaluate prospective bioactive substances from marine algae of the Red sea coast. Herein we report the isolation of antibacterial substances from selected species of algae and the phytochemical composition of the extracts of algae that showed antibacterial activities.

2. Materials and methods

2.1. Algae

Algal materials were collected from the littoral zone of the Obhor region between (0.2–2.5m depth) along the Red sea coast of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The collected algal samples were stored in plastic bags and transported to the laboratory under iced conditions. The samples were initially washed thoroughly with sea water to remove sand and any adhering substance and then washed thoroughly with fresh water to remove salts, and stored at −20°C until compound extraction. The algal species were identified based on the schemes reported in the literature (Nasr and Aleem, 1949; Smith, 1944; Levring, 1946; Bouck, 1965; Scagel, 1966; Bold, 1978; Aleem, 1993; Coppejans et al., 2009) and saved in the Lab of Phycology, Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, King Saud University (El-Malaz Center), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

2.2. Extraction of selected algal species

After washing with distilled water for several times, the algal samples were again washed with 5% ethanol to remove any epiphytes or any salts. One portion of the samples was kept under frozen condition and another small portion was kept in media containing Sea water-Formalin-Glycerol-Cupper sulfate. The remaining parts of the samples were subjected to air drying under the shade. After drying they were ground either mechanically or by an electrical mixer untill they became a powder. Then the powdered samples were stored in a dark place, and subjected to different extraction methods.

Extraction of powdered algal samples was done using ethanol, chloroform, petroleum ether and water. Aliquots of 25g of the powdered algal samples were soaked in 250ml of the solvents for 24h. Later the soaked samples were homogenized in an electric blender along with the solvents at room temperature, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure using a rotary evaporator.

2.3. Determination of antibacterial activity

Antibacterial activities of the selected algal extracts were tested using pathogenic bacteria kindly supplied by the Security Forces Hospital Program (SFHP), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The pathogens included S. aureus ATCC 29213 and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. The bacterial strains were grown in Nutrient agar medium (Wedberg, 1966) at 37°C. Stock cultures were maintained in nutrient medium at 4°C and sub cultured at regular intervals. The nutrient agar medium contained g/L: 5g peptone, 3g beef extract, 5g NaCl, and 20g agar agar in distilled water.

Antimicrobial activity was evaluated using the agar diffusion technique in Petri dishes. Briefly, sterile filter paper discs, 6mm in diameter (E-760), were loaded with 20ml of the different antibacterial compound extracts and air dried. Discs containing standard concentrations of ampicillin, oxacillin and ceftazidime were used as controls. The discs were placed on Muller Hinton agar plates inoculated with each of the previously mentioned microorganisms. Plates were incubated for 24h at 37°C and the inhibition zones that formed around the discs were measured (mm diameter). Each set was prepared in triplicate. The control discs were prepared with the solvents alone.

2.4. Total soluble protein

Total soluble proteins were determined quantitatively according to the Bradford method (Bradford, 1976) and expressed as mg protein/g fresh weight. Bovine serum albumin was used as the standard.

2.5. Fatty acid content

Fatty acids in algal extracts were analyzed using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) using gas chromatograph (GC–MS QP5050A SYSTEM: Model 2003 from SHIMADZU, JAPAN) equipped with a DB-5 ms column (mm inner diameter 0.25mm, length 30.0m, film thickness 0.25μm) mass spectrometer (ion source 200°C, RI 70eV) programed at 40–65°C with a rate of 4°C/min. Injector temperature was 280°C; carrier gas was He (20psi), column flow rate was 1.4ml/min injection mode-split.

2.6. Amino acid content

Amino acid in algal extracts was estimated using HPLC (Model 2003 from SHIMADZU, JAPAN (Florescent Detection by Gradient Pump).

2.7. Flavonoids content

Flavonoids Rutin, Quercitin, and Kaempferol in algal extracts were estimated using the HPLC method. MP=50% MEOH, 50% water, 1% acetic acid; FR=1ml/min lamda=365nm; COLUMN=CLC ODS column 15cm; 2gm (SEED) & 20ml (JUICE) sample taken for hydrolysis (100ml of 6% HCl:MEOH, sonicated at 60° time for 15min, extracted into diethyl ether 25ml×3 times. Washed with water to remove acid, evaporated to dryness and made up to 2ml by MEOH, ready for HPLC injection.

2.8. Statistical analysis

The data for various biochemical parameters were analyzed statistically by one-way ANOVA (Duncan, 1957).

3. Results

3.1. Antibacterial activity

Among the different species of algae collected from the sea water of neritic zone of the Red sea along the coastal region of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia five species namely Ulva reticulate, Caulerpa occidentalis, Cladophora socialis, Dictyota ciliolate, and Gracilaria dendroides were evaluated for their potential for bioactivity. Table 1 revealed that the four algal extracts prepared with ethanol and chloroform had active principles that could inhibit growth of the pathogenic bacteria tested except ethanol extract of C. occidentalis only inhibited Enterococcus faecalis (11mm). However, the water extract of C. occidentalis did not record antibacterial activity against all the tested pathogenic bacteria. On the other hand, petroleum ether extracts of C. occidentalis and Cladophora socialis recorded inhibitory activities against Enterococcus faecalis.

Table 1.

Antibacterial activity of extracts of algae against pathogenic bacteria (inhibition of growth expressed as mm diameter of inhibition zone).

Escherichia coli ATCC 25322Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853Stapylococcus aureus ATCC 29213Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212
Ampicillin11.60019.5
Oxacillin0018.10
Ceftazidime014.60



Ulva reticulata
Ethanol251412.615
Chloroform29.32416.611
Petroleum Ether0000
Water0000



Caulerpa occidentalis
Ethanol11
Chloroform309.61810
Petroleum Ether0009.5
Water0000



Cladophora socialis
Ethanol20231511
Chloroform28271010
Petroleum Ether00010
Water0000



Dictyota ciliolata
Ethanol13161214
Chloroform30251511
Petroleum Ether0000
Water0000



Gracilaria dendroides
Ethanol26.312.3812
Chloroform32.624.61012.6
Petroleum Ether0000
Water0000

Open in a new tab

Further from the results obtained it was observed that all the algal extracts prepared with ethanol and chloroform could record higher inhibitory activities against E. coli compared to ampicilin (11.6mm), whereas the same extracts did not show higher inhibitory activities against Enterococcus faecalis compared to ampicillin. P. aeruginosa was found to be inhibited by Ceftazidime (14.6mm) alone among the three antibiotics tested. Among the algal extracts tested for inhibitory activities, extract prepared with chloroform showed relatively higher inhibitory activities against P. aeruginosa except in the case of C. occidentalis. Ethanolic extracts of Cladophora socialis (23mm) and D. ciliolate (16mm) showed higher inhibitory activities compared to other algal extracts, whereas, ethanolic extract of C. occidentalis did not show any inhibitory activity against P. aeruginosa. S. aureus was inhibited only by Oxacillin (18.1) among the three antibiotics studied. Whereas extracts prepared using ethanol and chloroform from all the 5 algae, except C. occidentalis, showed inhibition of growth of S. aureus although the activities were lesser than that compared with oxacillin. Enterococcus faecalis was inhibited by ampicillin (19.5mm) among the three antibiotics tested. Although the algal extracts prepared with ethanol and chloroform showed inhibition against Enterococcus faecalis the activities were not higher than ampicillin.

With respect to the solvents used for the preparation of extracts chloroform was observed to be efficient to yield higher inhibitory activities against pathogens tested compared to ethanol in the case of all the five algae tested. Further the chloroform extract of all the five algae were found to be effective against E. coli and P. aeruginosa compared to that against S. aureus and Enterococcus faecalis.

From the data illustrated in Table 2 it was observed that three flavanoids namely rutein quercetin and kaempherol were present in the extracts in all the algal samples studied. Rutein content was found to show a remarkable variation among the algae and a very high level (10.5mg/kg) was recorded in G. dendroides followed by Dictyota ciliolata (2.28mg/kg) and C. occidentalis (0.55mg/kg) compared to other algal species. The quercetin content was observed to be high in G. dendroides (7.5mg/kg) followed by D. ciliolata (1.86mg/kg). High contents of kaempherol were recorded in G. dendroides (15.2mg/kg) and D. ciliolata (7.33mg/kg). Maximum percentage of total protein was obtained with G. dendroides (13.4%) then U. reticulata (5.86%) followed by D. ciliolata (3.12%) respectively (Table 2), while, a minimum percentage of total protein was recorded with C. occidentalis (1.77%). Data presented in Table 2 indicated that the G. dendroides contains high percentage of total fat (5.5%) than U. reticulata (1.05%). It was also noted that protein contents were twice the level of total fat in all the five algal species.

Table 2.

Flavanoids, total protein and total fat content in the marine algae.

AlgaeFlavonoids (mg/kg)Total protein (%)Total fat (%)
RutinQuercetinKaempherol
Ulva reticulata0.04±0.010.12±0.0140.35±0.025.861.05
Caulerpa occidentalis0.55±0.010.15±0.0140.07±0.021.770.12
Cladophora socialis0.27±0.010.23±0.010.02±0.012.350.24
Dictyota ciliolata⁎⁎2.28±0.011.86±0.50⁎⁎⁎7.33±1.003.120.21
Gracilaria dendroides⁎⁎⁎10.5±1.00⁎⁎⁎7.5±0.990⁎⁎⁎15.2±1.0413.45.5

Open in a new tab

High significant at P<0.05.

⁎⁎

High significant at P<0.01.

⁎⁎⁎

High significant at P<0.001.

Results documented in Table 3 show that 25 fatty acids were present in all the five algae studied. Further among the different fatty acids maximal levels were observed with Palmitic acid in all the investigated algal species compared to other fatty acids. The dominant fractions of fatty acids observed with the algal extracts were in the following order: Palmitic acid>Oleic acid>Linoleic acid>Myristic acid. 43.7–75.5>3.53–17.24>0.6–16.56>2.13–11.2%, respectively. Further highest percentage of Palmitic acid (75.5%) was estimated in G. dendroides followed by D. ciliolata (65.2%), Cladophora socialis (53.4%), C. occidentalis (50.6%) and U. reticulata (43.7%). With respect to oleic acid the percentage was higher in Cladophora socialis (17.2) than in U. reticulate (16.4) and C. occidentalis (11.2). Linoleic acid percentages were higher in U. reticulate (16.56). Highest percentage of myristic acid (11.2%) was recorded in U. reticulate.

Table 3.

Percent composition of fatty acids in marine algae (expressed as %).

Fatty acidUlva reticulateCaulerpa occidentalisCladophora socialisDictyota ciliolataGracilaria dendroides
Caproic acid C6H12020.010.0150.0450.080.1
Caproic acid C8H16020.0050.010.0350.010.02
Capric acid C10H20020.010.0150.0950.010.01
Lauric acid C12H24020.1750.160.290.1650.09
Myristic acid C14H280211.26.373.953.2352.13
Pentadecanoic acid C15H30020.7650.730.930.6950.52
Palmitic acid C16H320243.750.653.44565.22575.5
Palmitoleic acid C16H30023.0255.1452.923.6852.40
Margaric acid C17H34020.130.2250.160.2850.09
Stearic acid C18H36021.3451.93.963.0251.61
Oleic acid C18H34016.53511.28517.245.9353.53
Linoleic acid C18H320216.562.776.531.990.605
Eicosanois acid C20H40020.1050.090.3450.1150.09
Linolenic acid C18H30020.3150.254.260.310.135
11-Elcosenoic acid C20H38020.2050.150.350.090.09
11,14-Elcosadienioc acid c20h36020.3050.17550.0750.460.02
Docosanoic(bhenic) acid c22h44020.1850.1152.9850.170.135
7,10,13-Elcosatrienoic acid c20h34020.2250.330.1353.3551.17
13-Docosenoic acid (erucic)c22h42020.3150.4850.6050.360.13
5,8,11,14-Elcosatetraenoic(archidonic) acid c20h32021.618.3850.559.6959.1
Tricosanoic acid c23h46020.020.0350.0250.1050.09
5,8.11,14,17-Elcosapentanoic acid c20h30020.70510.0.430.320.135
Tetracosanoic acid c24h48021.5750.3650.4150.450.52
15-Tetracosanoic acid C24H46020.030.0450.0250.1450.155
Hexacosanoic acid C26H52020.9450.120.20.1450.1

Open in a new tab

From the results presented in Table 4 it was inferred that 15 amino acids were present in the extracts of algae and among the algae G. dendroides recorded all the amino acids in relatively higher amounts followed by U. reticulate. Among the amino acids Valine (3%)>Serine (2.2%)>Leucine (2.1%)>Aspartic (1.5%) were found to be present in higher levels in red algae G. dendroides.

Table 4.

Percent composition of amino acid in selected marine algae (expressed as %).

Amino acidUlva reticulateCaulerpa occidentalisCladophora socialisDictyota ciliolataGracilaria dendroides
Aspartic acid0.430.160.280.271.5
Threonine0.180.080.100.130.9
Serine0.160.070.110.132.2
Glutamic acid0.450.150.270.280.95
Glycine0.230.080.120.150.98
Alanine0.240.090.150.170.8
Valine0.230.090.120.163.0
Methionine0.120.050.040.080.5
Isoleucine0.170.080.080.150.95
Leucine0.280.100.130.122.1
Tyrosine0.170.080.070.120.52
Phenylalanine0.260.100.130.180.63
Histidine0.090.040.040.070.1
Lysine0.250.090.130.200.5
Arginine0.160.70.150.140.56

Open in a new tab

4. Discussion

The ability of marine algae to produce secondary metabolites of potential interest has been extensively documented (Cabrita et al., 2010). According to earlier reports anti-bacterial activity depends on algal species, the efficiency of the extraction method, and the resistance of the tested bacteria (Seenivasan et al., 2010). Data obtained in the present study indicated that, chloroform was the most effective solvent for the extraction of the bioactive compounds followed by ethanol. Furthermore, G. dendroides were the most effective marine algae against tested bacterial species followed by D. ciliolata, U. reticulata, C. occidentalis and Cladophora socialis. These results are in agreement with those earlier reports (Khalil and El-Tawil, 1982; Meyer and Paul, 1992; Isnansetyo et al., 2003; Burkholder et al., 2009; Saeidnia et al., 2009; Williamson and Carughi, 2010). In the Chlorophyta, the ethanolic and lipid soluble extracts of Caulerpa ashmeadii and Caulerpa prolifera had the broadest spectrum of antimicrobial activity and the high bioactivity found in the Caulerpa extracts has been documented (Kim et al., 2007). Present results obtained with C. occidentialis are in agreement with those earlier studies (Williamson and Carughi, 2010). Ethanol extraction has been reported to result in extracts with higher antibacterial activity than petroleum ether, while few other reports indicated chloroform as better extractant than ethanol and petroleum ether (Rajasulochana et al., 2009). From the results of the present study it is clear that, organic solvents always have higher efficiency in extracting anti-bacterial compounds compared to water as extractant and chloroform as a solvent proved to be best suited for the extraction of the antibacterial constituent(s) from the algae. These results are in agreement with those reported earlier for extracting antibacterial substances such as hydroquinones, sesterpenoids, phenols, brominated phenols and polyphenols from species of Chlorophyceae, Phaeophyceae and Rhodophyceae (Faulkner, 2002).

Active antibacterial extracts from different brown algae have been found to be made up of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids with a predominance of myristic, palmitic, oleic and eicosapentaenoic acids (Bazes et al., 2009). So, the antibacterial activities of the algae tested could be attributed to the type and amount of free fatty acids which have a role in the overall defense against the studied pathogenic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (Benkendorff et al., 2005). Terpenoid content is considered to contribute to antibacterial activity (Fenical and Paul, 1984). In the present investigation palmitic acid was observed as a major component of the total fatty acids in U. reticulata, C. occidentalis, Cladophora socialis, D. ciliolata and G. dendroides and higher values of estimated total fats were recorded in G. dendroides and U. reticulata. The fats and fatty acids from marine algae may play an important role in the formation of many other bioactive secondary metabolites since some fatty acids have been shown to possess antibacterial activities (Barbosa et al., 2007; Oh et al., 2008). Further palmitic acid has been assumed to be responsible for the antibacterial activity (Bazes et al., 2009). Furthermore species of the order Dictyotales is known to produce biologically active compounds such as dictyterpenoids that control seaweeds herbivore interactions (Suzuki et al., 2002).

Flavonoids comprise a large group of naturally occurring compounds widely distributed in the plant kingdom and some of these compounds have been reported to contain various and potent biological activities including antioxidative tissue protective and tumoristatic effects as well as the inhibition of hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis (Kim et al., 2007; Krant et al., 2005; Volk, 2009; Matanjun et al., 2008). Present results, showed that rutin, quercetin and kaempherol were present in all algal samples but in different ratios. G. dendroides recorded the highest values of rutin, quercetin and kaempherol while moderate values of three flavonoids were evaluated in D. ciliolate. In the same manner, the highest percentage of total protein was determined in G. dendroides, followed by U. reticulata than D. ciliolata, Cladophora socialis and the lower value was recorded in C. occidentalis. Also, the highest percentage of total fat was noted in G. dendroides than in U. reticulata. Additionally, moderate percentages of amino acids were detected in G. dendroides then U. reticulata followed by D. ciliolata. These results are in agreement with several reports (Ruperez et al., 2002; Nagai and Yukimoto, 2003; Matanjun et al., 2008; Jaganathan and Mandal, 2009).

According to the previous reports in literature marine algae are rich sources of dietary fiber, minerals, proteins and vitamins, and anti-oxidant activity of these seaweeds would elevate their value in the human diet as food and pharmaceutical supplements. Moreover, the results of this study suggested that flavonoids can be used clinically to treat patients with hypercholesterolemia and hypertension (Abdel-Raouf et al., 2011). Present results were in accordance with an earlier report (Jaganathan and Mandal 2009) which stated that Quercetin and Kaempherol have evolved as promising pharmacological agents in the treatment of cancer. Further results of the present study also indicated remarkable differences in antibacterial activities among the tested bacterial pathogens which may be attributed to the exposure of marine algae to the combined effect of light and oxygen that leads to the formation of free radicals and other strong agents. But the absence of oxidative damage in structural components of seaweeds and their stability to oxidation during storage suggest that their cells have protective antioxidative defense systems (Matanjun et al., 2008). Indeed, marine algae contain polyphenols, carotenoids and flavonoids referred to as antioxidants, protect the body’s tissues against oxidative stress and associated pathologies such as cancer and inflammation (Tapiero et al., 2002).

In conclusion the results of the present investigation on selected species of marine algae indicated scope for deriving biologically active compounds which are effective in inhibiting the growth of the pathogenic bacteria both Gram-positive and Gram-negative. Further the Red sea marine environment of the Jeddah Seashore has potential to return pharmaceutically useful seaweeds which can be harnessed for the development of drugs for use in management of human pathogens, cancer, tumor, AIDS and many human degenerative diseases. There is great scope for further investigations toward drug development.

Acknowledgement

The authors express their gratitude to the Deanship of Scientific Research and the Science Research Center in the College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia, for financially supporting this research effort.

Footnotes

Peer review under responsibility of King Saud University.

Antibacterial substances from marine algae isolated from Jeddah coast of Red sea, Saudi Arabia (1)

Open in a new tab

Contributor Information

Sarah Saleh Abdu-llah Al-Saif, Email: saralsaif@ksu.edu.sa.

Nevein Abdel-Raouf, Email: dr.nevein@hotmail.com.

Hend A. El-Wazanani, Email: huqail@hotmail.com.

Ibrahim A. Aref, Email: iaarif@hotmail.com.

References

  1. Abdel-Raouf N., Ibraheem I.B.M., Abdel-Hameed M.S., El-Yamany K.N. Evaluation of antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activities of ten marine macroalgae from Red Sea, Egypt. Egypt. J. Biotechnol. 2008;29:157–172. [Google Scholar]
  2. Abdel-Raouf N., Ibraheem I.B.M., Abdel-Tawab S., Naser Y.A.G. Antimicrobial and anti-hyperlipidemic activities of isolated quercetin from Anabaena aequalis. J. Phycol. 2011;47:955–962. doi: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2011.01020.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Abedin R.M.A., Taha H.M. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of cyanobacteria and green microalgae evaluation of medium components by Plackett–Burman design for antimicrobial activity of Spirulina plastensis. Global J. Biotechnol. Biochem. 2008;3(1):22–31. [Google Scholar]
  4. Aleem A.A. Egyptian Books House; Egypt: 1993. The Marine Algae of Alexandria. [Google Scholar]
  5. Al-Haj N., Mashan N., Shamsudin M., Mohamed H., Vairappan C., Seakawi Z. Antibacterial activity in marine algae Eucheuma denticulatum against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes. Res. J. Biol. Sci. 2009;4:519–524. [Google Scholar]
  6. Awad N.E. Bioactive brominated diterpenes from the marine red alga Jania rubens (L.) Phytother. Res. 2004;18(4):275–279. doi: 10.1002/ptr.1273. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Barbosa J.P., Fleury B.G., da-Gama B.A.P., Teixeira V.L., Pereira R.C. Natural products as antifoulants in the Brazilian brown alga Dictyota pfaffii (Phaeophyta, Dictyotales) Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 2007;35(8):549–553. [Google Scholar]
  8. Bazes A., Silkina A., Douzenel P., Fay F., Kervarec N., Morin D., Berge J., Bourgougnon N. Investigation of the antifouling constituents from the brown alga Sargassum muticum (Yendo) fenshott. J. Appl. Phycol. 2009;21(4):395–403. [Google Scholar]
  9. Benkendorff K., Davis A.R., Rogers C.N., Bremner J.B. Free fatty acids and steroids in the benthic spawn of aquatic molluscs, and their associated antimicrobial properties. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 2005;316(1):29–44. [Google Scholar]
  10. Bold H.C. Prentice Hall, Inc.; New-Jersey 07632: 1978. “Introduction to the Algae” Structure and Reproduction. [Google Scholar]
  11. Bouck G.B. Fine structure and organelle associations in brown algae. J. Cell. Biol. 1965;26:513–537. doi: 10.1083/jcb.26.2.523. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Bradford M. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal. Biochem. 1976;72:248–254. doi: 10.1006/abio.1976.9999. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Burkholder P.R., Burkholder L.M., Almodovar L.R. Antibiotic activity of some narine algae of Puerto Rico. Bot. Mar. 2009;2(1):149–156. [Google Scholar]
  14. Cabrita M., Vale C., Rauter A. Halogenated compounds from marine algae. Mar. Drugs. 2010;8:2301–2317. doi: 10.3390/md8082301. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Coppejans E., Leliaert F., Dargent O., Gunasekara R., Clerck O. University of Ruhuna, Dept. of Botany; Matora, Srilanka: 2009. Srilanka Seaweeds Methodologies and Field Guide to the Dominant Species. pp. 1–265. [Google Scholar]
  16. Dubber D., Harder T. Extracts of Ceramium rubrum, Mastocarpus stellatus and Laminaria digitata inhibit growth of marine and fish pathogenic bacteria at ecologically realistic concentrations. Institute for chemistry and biology of the marine environment, University of Okkenburg, D-26129 Oldenburg. Germany. Aquaculture. 2007;274:196–200. [Google Scholar]
  17. Duncan B.D. Multiple range tests for correlated and heteroseedastic means. Biometrics. 1957;13:359–364. [Google Scholar]
  18. EL Gamal A.A. Biological importance of marine algae. Saudi Pharm. J. 2010;18(1):1–33. doi: 10.1016/j.jsps.2009.12.001. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. El-Naggar M.E.E. Antimicrobial activity of some marine algae of Egypt. Mansoura Sci. Bull. 1987;14(2):189–201. [Google Scholar]
  20. El Yamany, K.N.M., 2008. Studies on some marine macroalgae isolated from Red Seashores (Quseir, Marsa Alam), Egypt. M.Sc. Thesis, Faculty of Sci., Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt.
  21. Faulkner D.J. Marine natural products. Nat. Prod. Rep. 2002;19:1–48. doi: 10.1039/b009029h. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Fenical W., Paul V.J. Antimicrobial and cytotoxic terpenoids from tropical green algae of the family Udoteaceae. Hydrobiologia. 1984;117:137–140. [Google Scholar]
  23. Ibraheem I.B.M., Abdel-Raouf N., Hammouda O., Abdel-Wahab N. The potential for using culture filtrate of Chroococcus minutes as fungicial agent against phytopathogenic Pythium sp. Egypt. J. Phycol. 2008;9:100–115. [Google Scholar]
  24. Ibtissam C., Hassane R., Jose M., Francisco D., Antonio G., Hassan B., Mohamed K. Screening of antibacterial activity in marine green and brown macroalgae from the coast of Morocco. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 2009;8(7):1258–1262. [Google Scholar]
  25. Isnansetyo A., Cui L., Hiramatsu K., Kamei Y. Antibacterial activity of 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol produced by Pseudomonas sp. AMSN isolated from a marine alga, against vacomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents. 2003;22:545–547. doi: 10.1016/s0924-8579(03)00155-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Jaganathan S.K., Mandal M. Antiproliferative effects of honey and of its polyphenols. A review. J. Biomed. Biotechnol. 2009;830616:1–13. doi: 10.1155/2009/830616. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Khalil A.K., El-Tawil B.A.H. Phytochemical studies on marine algae from Jeddah Red Sea. Bull. Fac. Sci., K. A. U. 1982;6:49–60. [Google Scholar]
  28. Kim I.H., Lee D.G., Lee S.H., Ha J.M., Ha B.J., Kim B.J., Lee J.H. Antibacterial activity of Ulva lactuca against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSH) Biotechnol. Bioprocess Eng. 2007;12:579–582. [Google Scholar]
  29. Krant K., Schlesier K., Bitsch R., Hermann H., Rohe M., Bohm V. Comparing antioxidative food additives and secondary plant products. Use of different assays. Food Chem. 2005;93:171–175. [Google Scholar]
  30. Kuniyoshi M., Yamada K., Higa T. A biologically active Diphenyl ether from the green alga Cladophora fascicularis. Experientia. 1985;41:523–524. [Google Scholar]
  31. Levring T. A list of marine algae from Australia and Tasmania. Acta Horti gothoburg. 1946;16:215–227. [Google Scholar]
  32. Matanjun P., Mohamed S., Mustapha N., Muhammad K., Ming C. Antioxidant activities and phenolics content of eight species of Seaweeds from North Borneo. J. Appl. Phycol. 2008;20:367–373. [Google Scholar]
  33. Meyer K.D., Paul V.J. Intraplant variation in secondary metaboilite concentration in three species of Caulerpa (Chloropyta: Caulerpales) and its effects on herbivorous fishes. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 1992;82:249–257. [Google Scholar]
  34. Nagai T., Yukimoto T. Preparation and functional properties of beverages from sea algae. Food Chem. 2003;81:327–332. [Google Scholar]
  35. Nasr A.H., Aleem A.A. Ecological studies of some marine algae from Alexandria. Hydrobiologia. 1949;1:251–281. [Google Scholar]
  36. Oh K.B., Lee J.H., Chung S.C., Shin J., Shin H.J., Kim H.K., Lee H.S. Antimicrobial activities of the bromophenols from the red alga Odonthalia corymbifera and some synthetic derivatives. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2008;18:104. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.11.003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Pesando D., Caram B. Screening of marine algae from the French Mediterranean coast for antimicrobial and antifungal activity. Bot. Mar. 1984;27:381–386. [Google Scholar]
  38. Rajasulochana P., Dhamotharan R., Krishnamoorthy P., Murugesan S. Antibacterial activity of the extracts of marine red and brown algae. J. Am. Sci. 2009;5(3):20–25. [Google Scholar]
  39. Rao P.S., Rao K.R., Subbaramiah Antibacterial activity of some Indian marine algae. J. Seaweed Res. Util. 1977;2:82. [Google Scholar]
  40. Rupērez P., Ahrazem O., Leal J.A. Potential antioxidant capacity of sulfated polysaccharides from the ediable marine brown seaweed Fucus vesiculosus. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2002;50:840–845. doi: 10.1021/jf010908o. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Saeidnia S., Gohari A.R., Shahverdi A.R., Permeh P., Nasiri M., Mollazadeh K., Farahani F. Biological activity of two red algae Gracilaria salicornia and Hypnea flagelliformis from Persian Gulf. Phcog. Res. 2009;1:428–430. [Google Scholar]
  42. Scagel F. The phaeophyceae in perepective oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 1966;4:123–194. [Google Scholar]
  43. Seenivasan R., Indu H., Archana G., Geetha S. The antibacterial activity of some marine algae from South East coast of India. Am. Eurasian J. Agric. Environ. Sci. 2010;9(5):480–489. [Google Scholar]
  44. Shimizu Y. Microalgal metabolites: a new perspective. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 1996;50:431–465. doi: 10.1146/annurev.micro.50.1.431. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Smith, G. M. (1944): Marine algae of the Monterey Peninsula. Reprinted from Madrono VII(7), pp. 226–231.
  46. Suzuki M., Yamada H., Kurata K. Dictyterpenoids A and B, two novel diterpenoids with feeding-deterrent activity from the brown alga Dilophus okamurae. J. Nat. Prod. 2002;65:121–125. doi: 10.1021/np010234b. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Tapiero H., Tew K.D., Naguyen G., Mathē G. Polyphenods: do they play a role in the prevention of human pathologies? Review. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2002;56:200–207. doi: 10.1016/s0753-3322(02)00178-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Vallinayagam K., Arumugam R., Kannan R., Thirumaran G., Anantharaman P. Antibacterial activity of some selected seaweeds from pudumadam coastal regions. Global J. Pharmacol. 2009;3(1):50–52. [Google Scholar]
  49. Volk R.B. Antialgal activity of several cyanobacterial exometabolites. J. Appl. Phycol. 2009;18:145–151. [Google Scholar]
  50. Wedberg S.E. Reinhold Publishing Corporation; New York: 1966. Introduction to Microbiology. p. 426. [Google Scholar]
  51. Williamson G., Carughi A. Polyphenol content and health benefits of raisins. Nutr. Res. 2010;30(8):511–519. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2010.07.005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Antibacterial substances from marine algae isolated from Jeddah coast of Red sea, Saudi Arabia (2024)

References

Top Articles
Latest Posts
Recommended Articles
Article information

Author: Fredrick Kertzmann

Last Updated:

Views: 6159

Rating: 4.6 / 5 (66 voted)

Reviews: 81% of readers found this page helpful

Author information

Name: Fredrick Kertzmann

Birthday: 2000-04-29

Address: Apt. 203 613 Huels Gateway, Ralphtown, LA 40204

Phone: +2135150832870

Job: Regional Design Producer

Hobby: Nordic skating, Lacemaking, Mountain biking, Rowing, Gardening, Water sports, role-playing games

Introduction: My name is Fredrick Kertzmann, I am a gleaming, encouraging, inexpensive, thankful, tender, quaint, precious person who loves writing and wants to share my knowledge and understanding with you.